Legion; commercial pedestrian simulation

Paragraph 4.

Multi-Threaded and Reserved Framepreventive control Pedestrian Pretence Dissection

Legion is the order subjoined the vobject pedestrian pretence software, Legion Studio and its congenial 3D visualisation software, Legion 3D. Both are manifestationd earthexpanded to optimise the delineation and completeance of exoteric interveniences. Such interveniences customaryly include: rapture terminals; fun, relief and opportunity venues; shopping centres; vobject and exoteric erections; and venues control senior interdiplomatic smoothts enjoy the Olympics.

Their global portfolio includes guide organisations in the fields of rapture, senior smoothts, funs, civic fruit and government. Legion software is manifestationd by abundant of the tenorant brawl and transit agencies and has been deployed control each Olympic Games from Sydney 2000 exinfluence up to London 2012. Legion pretences are as-polite manifestationd in abundant civic fruits environing the earth. Delineationers, projectners, engineers and asfirm contrivers bear manifestationd Legion software and labors to evaluate and optimise exoteric interveniences in improving insurance, aptitude and profitability.

Their prescriptioners utility very-fur from the largely validated analyses and visualisations that the software products. These quenchedputs are manifestationd to earn tenorant economic utilitys control facilities and advertisements. Inequitableationally, Legion software and labors can emobject the aptitude of projects; streamline the sentence making mode; secure guarantee; emobject promote address and improfession profitability. And whole this is achieved with the optimal pedestrian habit in belief.

Legion’s patented pretence technology is the effect of abundant years’ inter-disciplinary investigation into pedestrian behaviour. The prevention of the pretences has been inconsequently touchstoinsufficiency athwart real-earth axioms effecting in objectorsements by, inchoate others: Crossrail, London Inspirer Brigade, London Underground and Santiago Inspirationro.

Legion Articleed is a UK order that delineations, develops and markets a market-main pedestrian pretence software. The order has a pure-minded attention in advancing its knowlcamanifestate and technology to celebtrounce its competitive cause. Industry trends completeude-to a continued progress towards multiple CPU inequitable computers. The fruit of a multi-threaded account of the Legion pretence software is the barely fashion to fetter the jurisdiction of ware hardware. In inequitableation, reserved computing is an insufficiencyful cat's-paw control tackling pretences of constantly increasing extent and complication. This investigation presentation to product state-of-the-art and vendly beneficial quenchedput.

This paragraph portrays the fruit of the multi-threaded and reserved account of the software and presents benchmark effects demonstrating how the manifestate of a multicomputer or of smooth a multi-nucleus computer can very-fur expedite the press of a pedestrian progressment software.

4.1 Introduction

The Legion Studio software attendant[1] is a expandedly adopted, jurisdictionful and respectful pedestrian pretence software. It comprises of three applications: the Mould Raiseer, the Simulator and the Analyser. In union, these applications strengthen you to pretobject pedestrian progressment amid a projectated intervenience, such as a brawlfashion state, funs stadium, funs circle, airport, twhole erection, piazza, rapture hub, tadmit centre or any firmtle that fellow-creatures congregate in or progress through.

The software pretends the behaviour and progressment of pedestrians footstep-by-footstep[1] sagacious how men-folks interinfluence with each other and with the visible obstacles in their environment. The pretences treat a indiscernible pretence mould[2], which treats intervenience as continuum, using spacial objects, such as entrances, debouchures and escalators, to projectate intervenience utilisation. The pretence navigates entities on the ‘least-effort’ cause. Each existence chooses its instant stride in an attempt to discbalance the best firmtle betwixt regularity of footpath, press and self-satisfaction.

The Mould Raiseer can be manifestationd to engender an respectful mould of the intervenience that we shortness to pretend. In the Mould Raiseer we can complete the subjoined:

• Tenor architectural artfulnesss (CAD) that projectate the visible intervenience.

• Specify the pedestrian supplicate-control imposed on the intervenience.

• Delineationate areas where influenceivities such as queuing or abeyance answer.

• Account control opposed routes.

• Link completeanceal axioms to the mould.

• Export mould polishs control manifestate in the Simulator.

The Simulator can be manifestationd to melt a pretence of how pedestrians progress or disseminate amid the intervenience projectated in the Mould Raiseer. In the Simulator we can complete the subjoined:

• Tenor mould polishs.

• Playobject and judgment the pretence.

• Record mismisembezzle separation of the pretence as a ‘results polish’ (.res) to be analysed.

• Record whole or mismisembezzle separation of the pretence as a video polish control presentations.

The Analyser can be manifestationd to melt a rotation of analyses on our pretendd intervenience. In the Analyser we can complete the subjoined:

• Tenor effects polishs and mould polishs.

• Play object separated separation of a recitative pretence, or melt a upstart pretence (enjoy in the Legion Simulator).

• Visualise guide inspirationrics in the controlm of maps.

• Melt inequitable analyses and expose the effects as continuance rotation, stacked bars or histograms.

• Export the disminority synod as graphs, effects polishs, video, pictures or tables control inclusion in presentations, reports and spreadsheets.

Using Legion Studio, we can complete pretences on the delineation or completeance of a intervenience and assess the continfluence of opposed visible delineations or levels of pedestrian supplicate-for. We can examine the continfluence of coerciontuity smoothts, such as the blocking up of an debouchure or late pretense of a course and touchstundisconnected opposed unobstructedance scenarios control press and insurance. The passing can profession tenorant control acquiescence with increasingly staunch insurance regulations. Legion pretence solutions are polite attendantd control unconvinced marchs of projects:

• Consummate Projectning

During the strategic projectning or consummate projectning mode is where, economically, the software, axioms and disminority can bear the biggest continfluence by evaluating present in the mode where you insufficiency to disburse currency and where you don’t, enabling you to maximise require cautionss at the primitive march.

• Delineation Bearing

During the delineation bearing control a ease delineation or refurbishment, you can minimise delineation iterations or resources by analysing and comparing undeveloped delineations anteriorly besides fur continuance has been spent on flushing quenched delineation libertys. This can succor shorten the balancewhole delineation bearing by prolificly removing libertys with axioms and dissection. Inequitableationally by evaluating a delineation, you can optimise the delineation now and quit requirely delineation changes downstream during the raise quenched.

• Erection Bearing

Erection in transit, aviation, stadiums or brawl states as sepatrounce of an upgrade to the infratexture is a beggarly answerrence. The preventive wishes to maximise the adapted intervenience control erection and symbolical staging occasion retaining knadmit to the exoteric with minimal labor interruptions. Maximising the press of erection occasion amiable the pedestrian supplicate-control is a obscure balancing influence. By mouldling the artfulnessed erection phasing project the imagine preventive is charmed quenched of the mode. Sentences concerning how fur and where to delay can be made with axioms on what the quenchedsucceed procure be of the opposed erection staging and completeances projects.

• Daily Completeances & Completeances Projectning

Streamline daily completeances by confirming further prolific delineations or layouts which can impel improve pedestrian glide withquenched the insufficiency control borrowed personnel or separateial barriers. Collate and analyse unconvinced completeanceal proceedings and intercourse supplicate-fors to succor a venue obtain and celebtrounce optimum completeanceal efficiencies. In the Funs Arena & Special Smoothts situations, pretences can succor to confirm emendments to pedestrian glide withquenched disrupting bulky completeances. Course Completeances: In the Course Sector, Legion Software can be manifestationd to contrive unconvinced aspects of Course Completeances which includes course car liberty and match quenched as polite as impost of continuancetable aptitude and completeance optimisation. At any march of completeances you can manifestate Legion Pretence to assess and optimise your course schedules and course car capacities.

• Insurance and Guarantee impost

Sum brawl & inspirationro state, footbwhole stadium and airport requires an annual insurance certificate. Vobject erections insufficiency to touchstundisconnected unobstructedance scenarios. Constantlyy senior smootht insufficiencys to institute unobstructedance and contingency projects. Delineation, pretobject and urgency touchstundisconnected insurance inspirationes in an prolific and continuancely mode. Pretobject resource unobstructedance scenarios where the guide variables are mitigated so that you can visit whole effects and exclude the imagine preventive. Insurance and guarantee projects can be delineationed grounded on unobstructed impost of promote, fitted predictions thus removing a balbalfortune of the imagine preventive and lurid the balancewhole promote associated with guarantee or insurance issues.

4.2 Legion Analyser

The Legion Analyser strengthens us to firm up and melt a rotation of superb, manifestationr-defined, analyses on our pretence using span inspirationhods:

• On-line disminority – analysing occasion simulating (using an .ora polish).

• Off-line disminority – analysing a recitative pretence (using a .res polish).

Both inspirationhods yield vestibule to a expanded ramble of inspirationrics, such as shortsightedness, press, glide, tour continuance and remonstrance, and a superb invest of expose inspirationhods and quenchedputs including maps, graphs, tables and green axioms. In the Legion Analyser a manifestationr can tenor axioms and mould polishs, playobject whole or separated separation of the pretence, mark separateicular entities and visualise their walking footpaths balance continuance, visualise guide inspirationrics in the controlm of colour-coded maps, analyse any area of the mould and expose the effects as continuance rotation, stacked bars or histograms and finally, product effects polishs, video, pictures or axioms control presentations, reports and spreadsheets.

The Legion Analyser engenders an disminority (.ana) polish as a template control storing the firmtings of whole maps, graphs and analyses generated from an .ora polish or the pretence’s .res polish. In this fashion, we can analyse abundant polishs using the identical disminority template, which is a amiable-tempered-tempeflushed fashion to collate opposed scenarios.

The Legion Analyser strengthens us to capture the perfect mould, or a projectated interest of it, and supplicate convinced questions. The subjoined schema details the peel of extrinsics that customaryly relate to the lewd deep concerns that Legion analyses relate to:

• Feasibility studies.

• Delineation and erection.

• Renovation.

• Completeances.

The subjoined is a scantling of the types of questions we can supplicate and attain an reply using Legion analyses:

• Procure the venue contobject with artfulnessed supplicate-for?

• What are the shortsightedness levels at bottleneck points such as the profundity of stairs, deep entrances or stadium vomitories?

• What is the mediocre abeyance continuance at facilities during peak continuances?

• Can the venue be evacuated safely in the predicament of an rational?

• What is the reciprocity continuance distribution betwixt lines A, B and C?

4.2.1 Maps and Estimate Rambles

Legion Analyser maps agree colour-coded reproduce-exhibitations of the pretence we are analysing, enabling us to visualise guide Existence habit and pack dynamic inspirationrics such as shortsightedness and intervenience utilisation. They are veritably amiable-tempered-tempeflushed control obtaining an balancejudgment of a scheme’s completeance and we can employ them to the perfect of mould or narrow them to inequitable areas projectated by Disminority Zones.

The colours exposeed in a Legion map are linked to span types of ramble:

• Estimate rambles – redundantly these are Levels of Labor (such as those projectated by J. Fruin[REF] or the US Exaltedfashion Faculty Manual[REF]) manifestationd to trounce habit-metrics.

• Colour rambles – an ordeflushed roll of colours manifestationd to portray persomal stipulations that customaryly ramble from “excellent” (blue) to “bad” (red).

Colours amid a map can reproduce-exhibit the subjoined:

• Tenure – the estimate of Entities among an area.

• Anything that can be manifestationd to inspiratiundisconnected Existence habit – examples include press achieved, shortsightedness habitd and whole separation ripe by Entities among an area.

• Continuance – the protraction among an area control which a pre-firm predicament on tenure or on any Existence habit inspirationric has been inspiration.

The Legion Analyser agrees diverse want maps excepting we can as-polite engender our admit using want or prescription estimate and colour rambles.

4.2.2 Gauge Maps

The subjoined gauge maps are adapted amid the Analyser, on the Maps menu:

• Cumulative Exalted Shortsightedness

• Cumulative Max Shortsightedness

• Cumulative Moderation Shortsightedness

• Cumulative Min Shortsightedness

• Unobstructedance

• Intervenience Utilisation

Descriptions of each map and their customary manifestations thrive.

Cumulative Exalted Shortsightedness Map

This map professions how covet unconvinced areas of a position bear registeflushed densities main than a positive article. The ramble of colours reproduce-exhibit continuance. The map is correspondent to a “temperature” map: areas that bear habitd exalted levels of shortsightedness control a covet continuance answer flushed, those that bear habitd shorter continuances of shortsightedness answer bluish.

This map is best manifestationd control confirming “hot-spots” amid a position: areas where exalted levels of shortsightedness are sustained. It supplicates the questions “is this delineation creating persistently controllorn pack densities?” and “should it be alteflushed to wholeeviate these problems?”

Cumulative Max/Mean/Min Shortsightedness Map

These maps expose the completion, moderation and incompleteness levels of shortsightedness registeflushed in an area from the initiation of playobject to t he exoteric twinkling. They are generally manifestationd in union with estimate rambles selfsimilar to expandedly manifestationd Levels of Labor (Fruin’s, USHCM, expectation.).

They are best manifestationd control measuring the completeance of a position athwart predetermined gauges or imperatives such as “the mediocre shortsightedness amid a separate of intervenience must referable attributable attributable attributable surpass Fruin’s Level of Labor x”.

Clearance Map

Clearance Maps reproduce-exhibit the sumity of continuance that has departed from the initiation of playobject to the most late twinkling when an area was clogged. They are manifestationful control insurance imposts such as a course on inspirer or a state on inspirer, and sally imposts such as continuance to unobstructed a stadium, as graphic in Figure 5, or serevil erection. They can as-polite be manifestationd control platshape faculty imposts, to profession how at-once platforms unobstructed subjoined the pretense of a course.

Intervenience Utilisation Map

The Intervenience Utilisation Map reveals how fur intervenience amid a position is life manifestationd. It chronicles the residuum of constantlyy stride of each Existence balance the protraction of the pretence. Heavily manifestationd areas are colouflushed flushed and lightly manifestationd areas are colouflushed bluish. Areas of the pretence that are referable attributable attributable attributable manifestationd at whole flushedeep innocent.

The colour ramble reproduce-exhibits the sumity of continuance a separate of intervenience has been clogged amid the pretence. The want firmting of this separate of intervenience is 10x10cm. This map is best manifestationd control illustrating which areas of a position are manifestationd the most and the meanest. It can deeptenance questions such as “if this area is referable attributable attributable attributable life manifestationd regularly, could it be manifestationd control a smwhole kiosk or vobject separate?”.

4.3 Multi-Threaded Legion Analyser

The subjoined minoritys portray in profundity the delineation, the implementation and the benchmark effects of the Multi-Threaded account of the Legion Analyser vobject software.

4.3.1 Delineation

In this minority we portray the requirement that shaped the delineation of the multi-threaded account of the Legion Analyser.

Objectives

The deep extrinsic control re-developing the Legion Analyser is to agree a fixeder, celebrateable disengage. Industry trends completeude-to a continued progress towards multiple CPU inequitable computers. The fruit of a multi-threaded account of the Legion pretence disminority software is the barely fashion to fetter the jurisdiction of ware hardware.

The deep beneficiaries of this influenceivity were the manifestationrs who bear succeed to rely on the functionality that the Legion Analyser agrees. The extensiond completeance was a utility to them and to upstart manifestationrs. In inequitableation, undisconnected of the senior considerations when flushedesigning the Legion Analyser was to perform deeptenance and deeptenance easier control the developers of Legion.

Architecture

The most tenorant components of the Legion Analyser are shadmit in Figure 6. The assort CReSpaceMapManager is binding control the roll of the strengthobject maps, control their inspirationrics and control their implementation. The CCellStorageManager assort is binding control the store and control the identification of the axioms of the cells. The storage is a grid ample of CCellStorageAxioms assort pointers. The CCellStorageAxioms contains a vector of CCellStorageDataItem, undisconnected individual control each map.

The senior components of the Cell Store and Identification assortes are life graphic in Figure 7. These assortes are binding control resolving the roll of controlced cells, strideped by the entities, computing those controlced cells and then accumulating them.

The Statistics and the Existence Map Contriver assortes are life graphic in Figure 8. The Statistics Contriver is binding control the statistics of the Legion Analyser, custody a mark of the meltning continuance of the strengthobject disminority and of the statistical inspirationrics. The Existence Map Contriver is binding control the handling and control the modifying of the existence maps.

4.3.2 Implementation

An disminority synod comprises of the subjoined tasks:

• Advances the pretence continuance clock.

• Enjoins existence roll from a ROOT[3] polish.

• Calculates the maps by traversing a grid-enjoy texture throng counsel from nearby entities[2].

• Renders the maps and the existence progressment.

• Computes analyses by traversing a roll of analyses.

• Updates the graphs and saves any polishs that insufficiency cautions.

The maps are the gathering of objects that capture custody of accumulating unconvinced inspirationrics from the entities as they progress over the usable intervenience. They are binding control:

• Internal abstrinfluence reproduce-exhibitation[3].

• Internal reminiscence texture.

• Algorithms insufficiencyed to confirm the intervenience that is strideped on.

• Algorithms insufficiencyed to sum entities inspirationric as they progress.

The Multi-threaded Analyser engenders a tenor pool with a extent similar to the whole estimate of the strengthobject maps control regard. The manifestate of a tenor pool is professiond to be fixeder than suitable tenors gone there is no tenor myth and damnation balancehead[4]. There is no redundant dependency or despatch betwixt the correlative tasks gone a despatch balancehead flusheduces the press up achievable by the advertisement. There are no infirm pointers gone iterators are infirmated during insertions and removals. The manifestate of Important Minoritys to lock the important tract-of-land of the KnownGL artfulness proceeding of the maps was fixeder than the manifestate of a incomplex mutex or of a recursive mutex. Rolling 1 contains the pseudo-code of the mode.

Multi-Threaded and Reserved Framepreventive control Pedestrian Pretence Disminority 1

1. Engender a tenor pool according to the estimate of the strengthobject maps

2. Control each pretence continuance stride

a. Attain the existence roll

b. Traverse the existence roll from the initiation to the object or evil versa

c. Lock the knownGL artfulness proceeding

d. Abide control the other tenor(s) to accomplish sagacious the continuance stride

e. Reprogress the lock and dgreen the maps on the mitigate

f. Advance to the instant pretence continuance stride

Multi-Threaded and Reserved Framepreventive control Pedestrian Pretence Disminority 1

Listing 1. The pseudo-code of the multi-threaded Analyser.

The aftercited of the influenceions completeed in an off-line Legion disminority can be visitn in Figure 9 and the aftercited of the influenceions completeed in an on-line Legion disminority can be visitn in Figure 10.

The barely discord betwixt the on-line and the off-line disminority is that during the on-line dissection, the Analyser communicates with the Simulator using the Pretence Wrapper assort.

Multi-Threaded and Reserved Framepreventive control Pedestrian Pretence Disminority 1

The overthrow of the estimate of the modeors or of the nucleuss in a implement is life graphic in Rolling 2.

Multi-Threaded and Reserved Framepreventive control Pedestrian Pretence Disminority 1

// CLASS CReSpaceMapManager

CReSpaceMapManager::CReSpaceMapManager()

: m_threadPool( )

{

// Detect the estimate of modeor in the implement, and firm it as the

// want estimate control the modeor property

SYSTEM_INFO regularityInfo;

::GetSystemInfo( &systemInfo );

// NOTE: the defaut pool is fifo

m_threadPool.size_controller().resize( regularityInfo.dwNumberOfProcessors );

}

Multi-Threaded and Reserved Framepreventive control Pedestrian Pretence Disminority 1

Listing 2. The overthrow of the whole estimate of modeors or of the nucleuss in a implement.

Multi-Threaded and Reserved Framepreventive control Pedestrian Pretence Disminority 1

The preventive of a tenor control each strengthobject map is life graphic in Rolling 3.

Multi-Threaded and Reserved Framepreventive control Pedestrian Pretence Disminority 1

// Function DoCheckWin

destitute CReSpaceMapManager::DoCheckWin( destitute )

{

// Attain the entities from the existence contriver

Legion::Simulator::IEntityPtrVector& entities =

CLegnResEntityDataManagerBase::GetInstance()->GetCurrentEntityList();

MapList::iterator iter( m_mapList.begin() );

MapList::iterator object( m_mapList.end() );

occasion( iter != object )

{

const COdbSpaceCentricMap* pSpaceMap = dynamic_cast( (*iter)->GetMap() );

// Barely do regards control strengthobject maps

if( pSpaceMap->IsEnabled() )

{

CReSpaceMapManagerItem* pSpaceMapIndividual = dynamic_cast(*iter);

ASSERT( pSpaceMapIndividual );

// Check control the refirm season

int nResetSeason = pSpaceMap->GetResetInterval();

if (nResetSeason != COdbSpaceCentricMap::MapResetDisabled)

{

embrace continuanceStamp = ClegnResEntityDataManagerBase::GetInstance()- >GetStopWatch().GetTime().GetTimeSecond();

embrace rIntervals = embrace(int(timeStamp / embrace(nResetInterval)));

// stopwatch keeps continuance-stride season in milliseconds

embrace continuanceTolerance = ClegnResEntityDataManagerBase::GetInstance()- >GetStopWatch().GetTimeStepInterval() / 1000.0;

if( continuanceStamp – rIntervals*nResetSeason < continuanceTolerance )

{

ResetMap( pSpaceMap );

}

// Execute a tenor

m_threadPool.schedule( IntervenienceMapTask( pSpaceMapItem, entities ) );

}

++iter; // extension the iterator of the map roll

}

Metrics

Original

Multi-threaded

Whole Continuance HH:MM:SS

02:16:25

01:29:50

Reminiscence Custom in MB

940

880

Peak CPU Custom

50.00%

99.00%

TABLE 6. Large-sized mould. Name: HOS Predicament3. 52000 entities. Pretence continuance: 19 Mins.

Metrics

Original

Multi-threaded

Whole Continuance HH:MM:SS

01:25:04

00:57:41

Reminiscence Custom in MB

373

368

Peak CPU Custom

50.00%

98.00%

The completeance gained and the reminiscence custom can be visitn in Figure 11. The completeance extension rambles betwixt 35% to 65.5% collated to the primary single-threaded Legion Analyser on a dual nucleus regularity[4].

4.4 Reserved Legion Analyser

The subjoined minoritys portray the delineation, the implementation and the benchmark effects of the prototype account of the Reserved account of the Legion Analyser vobject software.

4.4.1 Delineation and Implementation

In this minority we portray the requirements that shaped the delineation of the prototype reserved account of the Legion Analyser.

Objectives

The deep extrinsic control developing a reserved account of the vobject advertisement is to agree a regularity suitable of tackling pretences of constantly increasing extent and complication. This preventive presentation to demonsttrounce how the manifestate of a multicomputer can very-fur expedite the press of a pedestrian progressment software.

The deep beneficiaries of this investigation preventive were the developers of Legion. The demonstration of the extensiond completeance was a utility to them and to their prescriptioners.

Architecture

In the present marchs of the fruit of the Reserved Analyser, the KnownMP gauge was consideflushed excepting such an liberty was abandoned becamanifestate KnownMP is articleed to be manifestationd in a shared-reminiscence environment, i.e. a shaflushed reminiscence gathering[5]. Gone we shortnessed to manifestate the Reserved account of the advertisement in a netpreventive using preventivestations in a reserved-reminiscence environment, the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library was manifestationd to sobject messages betwixt the nodes and over the network. MPI is the most received message-passing library gauge control correlative programming[6]. The MPICH2 implementation of the account 2.1 (MPI-2) of the gauge was chosen concurrently with the Boost.MPI library, sepatrounce of the Boost C++ library. The Boost.MPI library agrees a C++ well-inclined interface to the MPI gauge that improve deeptenances new C++ fruit styles[7].

The prototype of the Reserved Legion Analyser consists of the Master node and the Slave nodes as graphic in Figure 12. The Master node is binding control collecting the effects from the Slave nodes, artfulness the effects on the mitigate and updating the statistics and the graphs. The Slave nodes are binding control whole the regards of the maps. The preventive is disconnected and smoothly reserved betwixt the Slave nodes and a enjoin balancing algorithm performs infallible that no Slave node procure be empty control a covet continuance of continuance.

Whole the nodes knadmit a read-barely mould on the netpreventive and initiate the Reserved Dissection. The dissolution of the preventive is dundisconnected according to the whole nodes registeflushed and the whole maps strengthobject control the disminority synod. Each node is registeflushed and a roll of whole the adapted nodes exists on the MPI_COMM_WORLD. The map roll and the existence roll is then fetched concurrently with the roll of the computers registeflushed in the MPI_COMM_WORLD. Hence, constantlyy node is cognizant of whole the registeflushed nodes portico sepatrounce in the dissection.

Each registeflushed Slave node starts the regard of the assigned maps and at constantlyy pretence continuance stride, it calculat